Definitions

1. Protective immunity was determined as described previously (30, 31).
2. Such protective immunity was common, but it depended on the virus sequence and was not necessarily reciprocal.
3. Moreover, protective immunity was achieved using a DNA or MVA vaccine in a mouse model (3, 36).

Duration

1. Studies have shown the duration of protective immunity as measured by serum antibody titers against rabies virus to persist for seven years post-vaccination.

Animal Model

1. Gene-based vaccination for the SARS-CoV elicits effective immune responses that generate protective immunity in an animal model.

Dendritic Cells

1. Human papillomavirus type-16 (HPV16) L1 virus-like particles (VLPs) activate dendritic cells (DCs) and induce protective immunity.

Proper Vaccination

1. In spite of proper vaccination, a small percentage of dogs do not develop protective immunity and remain susceptible to infection.

Animals

1. The protective immunity against parvoviruses in animals appears to be primarily antibody-mediated.

Antibody

1. Duration of antibody, which correlates with protective immunity, was found to be at least 36 months in both groups.
2. For core vaccines there is excellent correlation between the presence of antibody and protective immunity and there is long DOI for these products.” (p.

Weeks

1. Protective immunity may not be completely established in all puppies vaccinated at less than 16 weeks of age because of maternal antibody interference.
2. The CDC recommends that travelers have the flu vaccine at least two weeks in advance of planned travel to allow time to develop protective immunity.
3. In contrast, the killed CPV-2 and FPV-2 vaccines often take 2 to 3 weeks or longer to provide protective immunity.

Vaccinations

1. Vaccinations establish protective immunity, which can reduce the risk of the disease.

Titer

1. Therefore it is possible to have low antibody levels (or titer) and still have protective immunity.

Murine Model

1. The murine model has provided a wealth of data regarding vaccine efficacy and components of protective immunity.

Antibodies

1. In contrast to antibodies to tetanus or diphtheria toxin, no serological correlate for protective immunity exists (1, 2).

Memory Cells

1. You can have a negative titer and if the pet is exposed, memory cells can respond within hours to regenerate enough antibodies for protective immunity.

Immunity

1. Studies on resistance to re-infection in mice with known immune defects have shown that protective immunity involved IFN-g and cell mediated immunity.

Vaccine

1. The 7B polypeptide may also be used in a vaccine to induce protective immunity in animals, as described in Example 13 below.

Vaccines

1. As virulence factors have often been employed as protective immunogens in vaccines, the 7B gene may be used to induce protective immunity in animals.
2. In terms of protective immunity, however, killed vaccines produce weak immune responses and provide a shorter duration of protective immunity.
3. Both groups would then be challenged with virulent isolates of each of the pathogens for which the vaccines were designed to provide protective immunity.

Bordetella Parapertussis

1. FIG. 8. Intranasal vaccination with AVS induces protective immunity against Bordetella pertussis and Bordetella parapertussis in the lower respiratory tract.

Parapertussis

1. Although the mechanisms of protective immunity to B. pertussis have been well studied, those of B. parapertussis have not.
2. We confirmed current pertussis vaccines did not induce protective immunity against B. parapertussis in the mouse model.

Protective Immunity

1. Together these data support a model for the mechanism of protective immunity to B. parapertussis that is similar but distinct from that of B. pertussis.
2. Passive immunization with serum from mice infected with B. pertussis established protective immunity against B. pertussis but not against B. parapertussis.
3. Larson LJ, Schultz RD. Comparison of selected canine vaccines for their ability to induce protective immunity against canine parvovirus infection.

Categories

1. Parapertussis
2. Mouse Model
3. Life > Organisms > Bacteria > Pertussis
4. Mice Infected
5. Flu Vaccine
6. Books about "Protective Immunity" in Amazon.com
   

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