Definitions

1. Livonia is a historical region on the eastern coasts of the Baltic Sea in modern Latvia and Estonia.
2. Livonia was inhabited by various Baltic and Finnic peoples, ruled by an upper class of Baltic Germans.
3. Livonia was officially part of the Russian empire after the Treaty of Nystadt in 1721.
4. Polish Livonia (or Inflants) was the remainder of Livonia, that was kept by the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth after the Treaty of Oliva in 1660.
5. Northern Livonia was incorporated into Poland and was renamed Inflanty Polskie in 1561.

Attempts

1. There were other attempts at mediation, such as by dukes of Bavaria and Austria, as well as by bishops from Livonia, but they were all refused by Poland.

Polish-Swedish War

1. Polish-Swedish War of 1625-1629 In 1625, the Swedes quickly occupied all of Livonia and Courland by the year's end.

June 07

1. A profile of Mike Modano, a hockey player from Livonia, MI born June 07, 1970.

Gotthard Kettler

1. Gotthard Kettler, the new Grand Master, met in Vilnius with Sigismund Augustus in 1561 and declared Livonia a vassal state under the Polish King.

Claims

1. Poland retained Kurlandia and Livonia, while Jan Kazimierz gave up his claims to the Swedish throne.

Control

1. In 1918-1920 both Soviet troops and German Freikorps fought against Latvian and Estonian troops for control over Livonia, but their attempts were defeated.
2. As the result, Sweden gained control of central and northern Latvia, which became Swedish Livonia.

Crusade

1. The Pope proclaimed a crusade against the Baltic heathens in 1193 and a crusading expedition led by Meinhard's successor, Bishop Berthold, landed in Livonia.

Archbishop

1. When Margrave William of Brandenburg became Archbishop of Riga in 1539, Lutheranism rapidly obtained exclusive sway in Livonia.

Cathedral

1. Albert founded Riga in 1201, built a cathedral, and became the first Prince-Bishop of Livonia.

Campaigns

1. The campaigns fought by Gustavus in Livonia and Polish Prussia between 1617 and 1629 receive comparitively little attention.

Split

1. The historical land of Livonia has been split between Latvia and Estonia ever since.

Poles

1. It was clear that Gustavus would resolve to take up the struggle with the Poles in Livonia if necessary.

East

1. Meanwhile Russia captured Livonia and Estonia in the east.

Territory

1. Peace between Sweden and Poland in Livonia was also slow in coming, with Sweden eventually winning most of the territory by 1629.
2. July 17 The Riga Governorate was established on the conquered territory of Swedish Livonia.

Augustus

1. In 1561 Sigismund II Augustus incorporated Livonia into Poland, but when he died, leaving no heirs, the Jagiellon dynasty ended (1572).

Years

1. Two years later, Riga joined them, and become the first Hanseatic City in Livonia.

Large Part

1. The Church in Lithuania remained catholic, but large part of Livonia came under the under the sway of the Reformation.

History

1. The history of the German knights in Prussia and Livonia is one of almost perpetual revolts, uprisings, raids, conquests, victories, and defeats.
2. His Chronicles are written from the point-of-view that the history of the Church was the essential history of Livonia.
3. Valmiera largely followed the history of northern Livonia.

Chronicle

1. Codex Zamoscianus is the oldest extant manuscript copy of the Chronicle of Henry of Livonia.

Lands

1. Only a handful of German knights came to Livonia, and most of those served the Bishop of Riga as ministeriales, living from taxes rather than from lands.

Time

1. Jan Karol Chodkiewicz couldn't command Lithuanian army in Livonia, because at that time he was with prince Wladyslaw in Russia.
2. Due to Danzig's neutral status at this time, the Swedes were able to provision their troops in Livonia from there.
3. At this point he returned to Erfurt, and was made Provincial for Saxony, a province which reached at that time from the Netherlands to Livonia.

Possession

1. The 1622 Truce of Mitawa gave Poland the possession of Courland and eastern Livonia, but the Swedes were to take over most of Livonia north of the Daugava.

Battle

1. The battle of Wallhof was in Livonia, before Swedish army invaded Prussia.

Serfdom

1. Although the rights of peasants were initially weakened, serfdom was abolished in 1816 in the province of Estonia and in 1818 in Livonia.

Denmark

1. While Sweden was fighting Denmark, Augustus invaded Livonia but quickly withdrew when Charles XII transferred his army to Livonia from Denmark.
2. In 1655–1660, a new series of bitter wars was fought, taking Finnish soldiers to the battle-fields of Livonia, Poland and Denmark.

Gotland

1. The original network linked L�beck, Westfalia, Saxony and Gotland, but it quickly spread east with the conquest of Livonia in the early 13 th century.
2. It was German merchants, coming to the shores of Livonia by way of Visby on Gotland, who set the stage for the Baltic Crusade.

Land

1. He would try to obtain more land in Livonia and exercise strength over Denmark.

Modena

1. In the latter half of 1242, Pope Honorius announced the appointment of William of Modena as Papal Legate for Prussia, Livonia, and the related territories.

Kingdom

1. Stefan Batory replied with a series of three offensives against Muscovy, trying to cut The Kingdom of Livonia from Muscovian territories.

Part

1. Peace was made in 1582 through papal mediation, and Poland retained Polotsk and its part of Livonia.
2. After defeat the king of Jersika Visvaldis became the vassal of the Bishop of Livonia and received part of his country (Southern Latgale) as a fiefdom.

Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth

1. Sweden retained all of Livonia except the south easterly-part, and Courland was restored to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
2. In 1558 Ivan invaded Livonia, eventually embroiling himself in a twenty-five-year war against Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Sweden, and Denmark.
3. Sweden gave up the Prussian ports and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth ceded most of Livonia with Riga, keeping the Daugavpils area.

Crusaders

1. The section on Henry of Livonia has several interesting links to depictions of the crusaders, Vikings, and other images.

Livonians

1. Gradually, the Livonians of Livonia became completely latvianized.

Pomerania

1. The port cities of the Stettin in Pomerania, Danzig in Prussia, Riga in Livonia and Koenigsberg and Memel all rose on the back of this wheat production.
2. The Swedish armies entered the Commonwealth from Pomerania and Livonia, the Pomeranian force crossing the border under Arvid Wittenberg on July 25.

Baltic Coast

1. This resulted in Poland's loss of a large part of Livonia and of several strongholds on the Baltic coast.

Germans

1. The conquest of Livonia by the Germans is described in the Livonian Rhymed Chronicle.

Hansa

1. Their connections to the Hansa were stronger than Lithuanian contacts because there were a large proportion of Germans in Livonia.
2. Hanseatic cities in Prussia, Livonia supported the Dutch against the core cities of the Hansa in northern Germany.

City

1. Poland formally ceded Swedish Livonia and the city of Riga, which had been under de facto Swedish control since the 1620s.

Polatsk

1. Ivan the Terrible had to sign the truce, according to which, however, Polatsk and eastern Livonia remained under Moscow's power.

End

1. By the end of April the Swedes had overrun all of Livonia and Courland and started the invasion of Prussia.
2. Spartan: Gustavus occupied Livonia and Courland by the end of 1622.

Serious Defeat

1. Lithuanian forces were dealt a serious defeat in December of 1626 near Kokenhusen in Livonia and retreated behind the Dvina river.

Gustavus Adolphus

1. This army would have been well used in the north during the same time when the Swedes' under Gustavus Adolphus were moving into Livonia and Polish Prussia.

Swedish Forces

1. Swedish forces entered Poland-Lithuania from Swedish Pomerania in the west, and Livonia in the north.

Germany

1. Estonia and Livonia soon followed, and also the Order's holdings in Protestant areas of Germany.

Baltic Provinces

1. The Baltic provinces were integrated in the Russian Empire by the Capitulation of Estonia and Livonia.
2. The Baltic provinces - Esthonia, Livonia and Courland - ceased to form collectively one general government in 1876.

Oliva

1. This division of Livonia was codified in the Treaty of Oliva in 1660.
2. In 1600 he invaded Livonia and thus began the long Polish-Swedish wars that ended only with the Peace of Oliva in 1660.

Categories

1. Courland
2. World > Countries > Republics > Estonia
3. Riga
4. World > Countries > Republics > Latvia
5. Countries > States > Brandenburg > Prussia

Related Keywords

* Baltic Sea * Courland * Dorpat * Duchy * Estonia * Finland * Great Northern War * Gustavus * Ingria * Knights * Latvia * Lithuania * Livonian Order * Mich * Michigan * Muscovy * Order * Poland * Polish * Prussia * Riga * Russia * Russians * Samogitia * Sweden * Swedes * Tallinn * Teutonic Order * War

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