Definitions

1. Leptons, the muon, and the muon neutrino also inhabit level two.
2. Leptons, a summary of leptons from Hyperphysics.
3. Leptons are an important part of the Standard Model, especially the electrons which are one of the components of atoms, alongside protons and neutrons.
4. Leptons are divided into three lepton families: the electron and its neutrino, the muon and its neutrino, and the tau and its neutrino.
5. Leptons are a family of elementary particles, alongside quarks and gauge bosons.

Number

1. Conservation of the leptonic numbers means that the number of leptons of the same type remains the same, when particles interact.
2. In particular, the low mass fermions (identified as quarks and leptons) occur in families, whose number is controlled by the topology of the CY manifold.
3. Lepton Number is a conserved quantity, meaning that in reactions the number of leptons initially balances those finally.

Spin

1. Leptons are spin 1 ⁄ 2 particles, and as such are fermions.
2. Since leptons are spin 1 ⁄ 2 particles, they have two possible helicities, although all observed neutrinos have been left-handed.
3. Leptons have various intrinsic properties, including electric charge, spin and mass.

Antimatter

1. Dirac's theory applies to all quarks and leptons, and their antiparticles are collectively known as antimatter.

Nucleus

1. Leptons are not affected by the strong force and are not normally found in the nucleus of the atom.
2. The other is the weak atomic force which acts on hadrons and leptons inside the nucleus.

Nucleons

1. Since I don't counting quarks, then probably possible to ignore those particles, which consist of leptons and nucleons.

Three Types

1. In essence, there are three types of electrically charged leptons and three types of neutral leptons, together with six related antileptons.

Muon Neutrino

1. Scientists detected the muon neutrino in 1962 and thereafter regarded the muon and its neutrino partner as a second generation of leptons.
2. As with the case of the other leptons, there is a muon neutrino which is associated with the muon.

Photon

1. Such particles include leptons, the photon, and the W and Z bosons.
2. This includes the muon and tau charged leptons, the neutrinos, the photon, the nucleons, and the mesons.
3. Only photon and graviton differ from either quarks or leptons in being fundamental bosons.

Theory

1. Their theory could be applied only to leptons, however, a class of particles that includes electrons and neutrinos.
2. In this theory, all matter is made from quarks and leptons.
3. The same symmetry breaking also gives mass to the electron and other leptons, and in a simple extension of the theory, to the quarks.

Higgs Boson

1. In the Standard Model, quarks and leptons have "Yukawa couplings" to the Higgs boson.

Decay

1. Of these particles, only the electrons are stable; the other charged leptons, which are heavier, decay in a small fraction of a second.
2. The tauon is the only lepton that can decay into hadrons —the other leptons do not have the necessary mass.
3. It would decay by generation such that it mixes families of quarks and leptons.

Subatomic Particles

1. The electron is in the class of subatomic particles called leptons, which are believed to be fundamental particles.
2. The electron belongs to the group of subatomic particles called leptons, which are believed to be fundamental particles.
3. They are also very small and light, being the lightest massful member of the lightest class of subatomic particles, the leptons.

First Generation

1. Thus the weak force is the reason that all stable matter contains only first generation leptons and quarks.
2. Higher generation leptons and quarks are presumed to be excited states of first generation leptons and quarks.
3. Weak Interaction The weak interactions of the first generation leptons.

Charm

1. Today, of course, we say that it's impossible: there are no quarks in biology, no leptons in economics and certainly no charm in mathematics.

Higgs

1. Quarks, Leptons, Higgs, Quantum Mechanics, Weak Force, Gauge Theory, and the list of mysterious terms goes on and on.
2. X+, X-, X neutral IVBs, Higgs 2, - GUT unity (Grand Unified Theory): unified quarks and leptons with separate spacetime and gravity.
3. When pair produced, they yield events containing multiple charged leptons, missing large transverse energy and possibly Higgs and electroweak gauge bosons.

Microscopic Scale

1. At the microscopic scale, physicists have long known that "empty" space is not empty; it is filled by a field that gives quarks and leptons their mass.

Basic Particles

1. It has given us the key to the standard theory of the most basic particles which physicists envision to make up all of matter: quarks and leptons.

Lightest

1. As the second and third generation particles are heavier, the weak nuclear force causes these particles to decay to the lightest leptons and quarks.
2. The electron is the lightest of the three charged leptons, the muon comes next and the tau is the heaviest.
3. The electron, with a mass of 0.511 megaelectron volts (MeV; 10 6 eV), is the lightest of the charged leptons.

Electromagnetic Force

1. The quarks and the charged leptons feel the electromagnetic force.
2. The leptons interact only through the weak and, if charged, the electromagnetic force.

Force-Carrying Particles

1. The Standard Model describes quarks, leptons and force-carrying particles.

Three

1. The other three leptons are very elusive particles called neutrinos, which have no electric charge and very little, if any, mass.
2. The neutrinos comprise the other three leptons, and for each neutrino there is a corresponding member from the other set of three leptons.
3. Two of these require nine Han-Nambu-type quarks, three "charmed" quarks, and the observed quartet of leptons.

Higgs Particle

1. In fact the coupling constant for the excitation of the Higgs particle is independent of the coupling constants for the excitation of the leptons and quarks.
2. It describes how the leptons, quarks, gauge bosons and the Higgs particle fit together.

Substructure

1. Some extensions of the Standard Model begin with the assumption that quarks and leptons have substructure.
2. The preon was a suggested substructure for both quarks and leptons, but modern collider experiments have all but disproven their existence.

Addition

1. In addition to quarks and leptons, scientists hypothesized the existence of certain particles that "carry" various kinds of forces.
2. The other two also require the nine Han-Nambu quarks, plus heavy leptons in addition to observed leptons and only one or no "charmed" quark.
3. The scheme contains six leptons with two more charged (heavy) leptons in addition to the ordinary four.

Charge

1. Leptons contain no quarks and hence no color charge.
2. Leptons (for instance electrons, muons, etc) do not carry color charge and there for do not interact through the strong nuclear force.
3. Electron-like leptons have a charge of −1 e, while neutrinos are neutral particles (with a charge of 0 e).

Opposite Charge

1. When quarks and leptons are spontaneously produced from energy, they appear as matter–antimatter pairs with equal and opposite charge.
2. For each of the six leptons there is an antilepton with equal mass and opposite charge.

Particle Physics

1. In particle physics, the quarks are one of the two families of subatomic particles thought to be elemental and indivisible (the other being the leptons).
2. In the current understanding of particle physics, the set of fundamental constituents of matter consists of six quarks and six leptons.
3. The top quark is the heaviest of all quarks and leptons, and is central to some of the most pressing questions in particle physics.

Complete Description

1. It is not quite a complete description of leptons either, because it does not describe nonzero neutrino masses, although simple natural extensions do.
2. It is not quite a complete description of leptons either, because it does not describe nonzero neutrino masses, although extensions do.

Four Generations

1. Some have three or four generations of quarks and leptons, as well as light Higgs particles, which are of crucial importance in the standard model.
2. The PUT group can also be tested by establishing the existence of four generations of quarks and leptons.

Terms

1. The variety and behaviour of these extra particles initially bewildered scientists but have since come to be understood in terms of the quarks and leptons.

Basic Constituents

1. In particle physics, quarks are one of the two basic constituents of matter (the other Standard Model fermions are the leptons).
2. Quarks and leptons appear not to have structure, so perhaps the search for the basic constituents has finally ended.

Universe

1. An X boson decay rate with a three to one balance between quarks and leptons therefore ensured that the net charge of the Universe remained zero.
2. After most leptons and anti-leptons are annihilated at the end of the lepton epoch the energy of the universe is dominated by photons.
3. The end state of the universe is then a gas of photons, leptons and protons (or only leptons and photons, if protons decay) growing ever less dense.

Tau

1. Similarly, the muons and their neutrinos are assigned a muon number of +1 and the tau leptons are assigned a tau lepton number of +1.
2. Roughly, the Higgs could first decay into the new singlet, who in turn decays into two tau leptons, which amounts to Higgs decaying into four tau leptons.
3. Tau leptons are the heaviest leptons, and in many theoretical models are particularly connected to possible evidences of new physics.

Taus

1. There are three types of charged leptons: electrons, muons and taus.
2. The charged leptons are the electrons, muons, and taus.

Proton Decay

1. In most such theories, the X and Y bosons couple quarks to leptons, allowing violation of the conservation of baryon number and thus proton decay.
2. If current theoretical ideas are correct, quarks and leptons are ultimately unified and thus nothing in principle forbids proton decay.

Couplings

1. The couplings of the charged Higgs bosons to leptons and quarks are given.
2. The couplings of the leptons to gauge bosons are flavor-independent.

Increasing Mass

1. Muon The second flavour of charged leptons (in order of increasing mass), with electric charge -1.

Flavors

1. There are three known flavors of neutrino, corresponding to the three flavors of leptons.
2. There are 6 flavors of quarks and 6 flavors of leptons, both grouped in 3 generations as shown in the following two tables.

Vector Bosons

1. We present a new, minimal preon model, which explains the family structure, and predicts several new, heavy quarks, leptons and vector bosons.

Types

1. All matter is made up of two types of generic particles: leptons and quarks.
2. The six known types of leptons are shown in the table below.

Six Types

1. There are six types of leptons: the electron, the muon, the tau and the three types of neutrinos.
2. Today we use the term "fundamental" for the six types of quarks and the six leptons and their antiparticles, which have no known substructure.
3. Also, there are six types of particles including the electron, called leptons.

Preons

1. In particle physics, preons are postulated point-like particles, conceived to be subcomponents of quarks and leptons.
2. In particle physics, preons are postulated "point-like" particles, that are subparticles of quarks and leptons.
3. Preons were suggested as subparticles of quarks and leptons, but modern collider experiments have all but ruled out their existence.

Force Carriers

1. The standard model is divided into three sections: quarks, leptons and force carriers.

Matter Particles

1. All "matter particles" (quarks and leptons) are fermions.
2. All the known matter particles are composites of quarks and leptons, and they interact by exchanging force carrier particles.
3. The matter particles divide into two classes: quarks and leptons.

Atoms

1. Electrons that form the outer casing for atoms are leptons and, as far as is known, are not constructed from any smaller constituents.
2. Leptons are never found in the nucleus of atoms.

Fundamental Building Blocks

1. Since atoms make up everything in the world, quarks and leptons are the fundamental building blocks of nature.
2. Particles called quarks and leptons seem to be the fundamental building blocks - but perhaps there is something even smaller.
3. The fundamental building blocks of matter consist of infinitesimal particles from two categories: quarks and leptons.

Categories

1. Quarks
2. Neutrinos
3. Elementary Particles
4. Information > Science > Physics > Standard Model
5. Encyclopedia of Finance. > Technology > Energy > Electron

Related Keywords

* Antiparticles * Antiquarks * Baryons * Bosons * Conserved * Electrically * Electric Charge * Electric Charges * Electron * Electrons * Electron Neutrino * Electroweak Theory * Elementary Fermions * Elementary Particles * Family * Fermions * Fundamental Particles * Gauge Bosons * Generation * Generations * Gluons * Hadrons * Interaction * Interactions * Lepton * Leptoquark * Leptoquarks * Mass * Masses * Matter * Mesons * Muon * Muons * Neutrino * Neutrinos * Neutrons * Ordinary Matter * Particle * Particles * Photons * Positron * Proton * Protons * Quark * Quarks * Six Leptons * Standard Model * Strong Force * Strong Interaction * Strong Interactions * Tauon * Three Families * Three Generations * Weak Force * Weak Hypercharge * Weak Interaction * Weak Interactions * Weak Isospin * Weak Nuclear Force

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