Definitions

1. The Calvin Cycle is the series of enzyme-catalyzed chemical reactions that produce carbohydrates and other compounds from carbon dioxide.
2. The Calvin cycle is anabolic, using energy to build sugar from smaller molecules.
3. The Calvin cycle is confined to the chloroplasts of the bundle sheath.

Enzymes

1. As shown in Figure 2 (left), RuBisCO is one of many enzymes in the Calvin cycle.

Sugars

1. Hexose (six-carbon) sugars are not a product of the Calvin cycle.

Short Time

1. The ultimate rate-limiting factor of the Calvin cycle is RuBisCO, which cannot be ameliorated in short time by any other factor.

Fixation

1. C4 metabolism physically separates CO 2 fixation from the Calvin cycle, while CAM metabolism temporally separates CO 2 fixation from the Calvin cycle.

Atp

1. A lot of their ATP is used to power the Calvin cycle - a sort of Krebs cycle in reverse that builds up sugar instead of destroying it.
2. Some of this ATP is then used to power the Calvin cycle, which synthesizes triose sugars.

Chloroplast

1. When the chloroplast runs low on ATP for the Calvin cycle, NADPH will accumulate and the plant may shift from noncyclic to cyclic electron flow.

Photosynthesis

1. The NADPH produced is then used as reducing power for the biosynthetic reactions in the Calvin cycle of photosynthesis.
2. Melvin Calvin and his partner Benson were able to puzzle out each stage in the dark or light-independent phase of photosynthesis, known as the Calvin Cycle.

Carbon Dioxide

1. In the Calvin cycle, carbon from carbon dioxide is brought into the cycle as a source of carbon.
2. This energy is required for the fixation of carbon dioxide in the Calvin cycle to form sugars.

Malate

1. C4 plants first fix carbon dioxide into malate, which is then used to supply carbon dioxide to the Calvin cycle.
2. In the C4 carbon fixation process, malate is a source of CO 2 in the Calvin cycle.

Photorespiration

1. Photorespiration lowers the efficiency of photosynthesis by removing carbon molecules from the Calvin Cycle.

Rubisco

1. Photorespiration is an alternate pathway for Rubisco, the main enzyme of photosynthesis (specifically, the Calvin cycle).
2. Under most conditions and when light is not otherwise limiting photosynthesis, RuBisCO is the primary rate-limiting enzyme of the Calvin cycle.

Calvin Cycle

1. NADPH and ATP drive the second stage, the dark reaction (or Calvin cycle, discovered by Melvin Calvin), which does not require light.
2. Both the ATP and NADPH are used in the Calvin cycle to fix carbon dioxide into triose sugars.

Categories

1. Rubisco
2. Biochemistry > Metabolism > Photosynthesis > Photorespiration
3. Malate
4. Chemistry > Biochemistry > Metabolism > Photosynthesis
5. Nadph
6. Books about "Calvin Cycle" in Amazon.com
   

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